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The OP284 is a low noise dual op amp with a bandwidth of 4MHz and rail-to-rail input/output operation. These properties make it ideal for low supply voltage applications such as in a two op amp instrumentation amplifier as shown in the diagram. The circuit uses the classic two op amp instrumentation topology with four resistors to set the gain. The transfer equation of the circuit is identical to that of a non-inverting amplifier. Resistors R2 and R3 should be closely matched to each other as well as to resistors (R1+P1) and R4 to ensure good common-mode rejection (CMR) performance. It is advisable to use resistor networks for R2 an and R3, because these exhibit the necessary relative tolerance matching for good performance. Potentiometer P1 is used for optimum d.c. CMR adjustment, and capacitor C1 is used to optimize a.c. CMR. With circuit values as shown, circuit CMR is better than 80 dB over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Circuit referred-to-input (RTI) noise in the 0.1 Hz ...

High efficiency white LEDs have advanced to the point where they can replace glow bulbs and other light sources not only as indicators, but also for illumination. While many of the claims made about the LEDs' efficiency, light quality, lifetime and economy are mostly exaggeration, the truth is that for very low light levels they are now competitive. They have equal or slightly higher efficiency than a flashlight bulb, a longer lifetime, and are very much tougher. On the other hand, they are still far more expensive than a bulb, for a given light output. Single Cell LED Flashlight  Circuit Diagram It follows that LEDs are almost ideal for very tiny, low power flashlights, in the less-than-one-watt category. But such a low power flashlight makes sense only if the whole flashlight is small and lightweight, and has a reasonable battery lifetime. But white LEDs require about 3.3 volts each, and typically some extra voltage is needed to provide room for current regulation! That's why...