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A milli Amp analog meter often used along with audio system can be easily converted into a decent volt meter, all that is needed is an understanding of the requirement and the meter. In case a 10V full scale meter is to be designed, then a 10K resistance is to be put in series with the meter coil so that for an applied voltage of 10V a meter can receive 1milliAmp only. The meter itself has an internal resistance and if that is measured properly then in actual practice the resistor to be connected in series shall be having a value of 1000 ohms – IR (internal resistance of the meter). When we measure smaller voltage then this internal resistance of the meter plays a significant role, say for this particular case the internal resistance is 86 ohms, hence, for a I.V. full scale meter the value of the external resistance would be (1000-86) 914 ohms. The milli amp meter can also be used as an Amp meter of higher currents by adding shunt resistances. This is being achieved by simple net...

This is a digital Analog to Digital Converter Circuit Diagram. Perhaps the most important consideration of an ADC is its resolution. Because the CS5501 16-bit-delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter lacks a start convert command, it converts continuously, outputting conversion words to its output register every 1024 cycles of its master clock. However, by incorporating a standard dual J-K flip-flop into the circuit, the ADC can be configured to output a single-conversion word only when it is polled.  Analog to Digital Converter Circuit Diagram The CS5501 converter can be operated in its asynchronous communication mode (UART) to transmit one 16-bit conversion word when it is polled over an RS-232 serial line (see figure). A null character (all zeros) is transmitted to the circuit and sets the flip-flop PF2. The CS5501 can then output a single-conversion word, which is transmitted over the RS-232 line as two bytes with start and stop bits. The baud rate can be chosen by selecting t...