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This straight forward circuit will protect electrical appliances from over voltage as well as under voltage. The circuit also produces an alarm when the power supply comes back. An ideal circuit for home to protect your valuable equipments from voltage fluctuations. The same circuit with some modifications can be used  to make a automatic voltage stabilizer. High and Low Voltage Cut-Off with Delay and Alarm Circuit Diagram : When the mains voltage is in the normal level, the voltage at the negative terminal of zener diode D4 will be less than 5.6 Volts. At this condition transistor T1 will not conduct. The same time voltage at the negative terminal of zener diode D5 will be greater than 5.6 and so the transistor T2 will be conducting. The relay will be activated and the green LED will be glowing. When the mains voltage is higher than the set limit the transistor T1 becomes conducting since the voltage at the negative terminal of  D4 is greater than 5.6 V. At the same time transist...

Priject of Receiver and Transmitte r Low Cost Data Circuit Diagram. Here are two simple circuits that can be used for transmission and reception of data via RF to UHF frequency (433MHZ). Two circuits are super simple, no special components and has a good performance, but short range. It is set to the frequency of 433MHZ, but nothing prevents that with some modifications it works on other frequencies.  Receiver and Transmitter Low Cost Data Circuit Diagram 1 The range is small, ideal for data transmissions within an environment like office, garage, laboratory, workshop or room. This system of data communications short-range 434MHz can be used in projects of alarms, electronic gates, trigger devices from a distance, Arduino, etc. .. X1 is working on a crystal harmonic (433.92Mhz) and L1 receiver comprises 1.5 turns of wire must be tested diameter and thickness to reach the perfect reception of the transmitter.  Receiver and Transmitter Low Cost Data Circuit Diagram 2 You can mou...

THE Ultrasonic Transmitter circuit shown in Fig. generates ultrasonic sound waves at a  frequency of 40kHz. The key component is a 555 timer, IC1, which is wired as an astable to produce an output frequency of 40kHz. This stream of electrical signals drives the ultrasonic transmitter transducer TX1. Potentiometer VR1, used as a variable resistor, enables you to make fine adjustment to the frequency when setting up the control system to ensure that TX1 is resonating at its optimum natural frequency, thereby ensuring maximum range. This adjustment is described in the ‘synchronising’ section at the end of the receiver section. Ultrasonic Receiver: The circuit shown in Fig. is designed to receive and process the 40kHz pulse of sound waves generated when the transmitter’s pushswitch is pressed. On the first push the relay is energised, and de-energised on the next push, enabling an electrical device to be switched on and off via the relay contacts. The Receiver circuit comprises the fol...

The series of amplifiers that are used on the television audio, amplifier used amplifier ICs, including the IC: • AN7523 • AN7522 • TDA2616 Third series of the function with the same system, namely BTL (Bridge Transformer Less). By using such configuration we get several advantages, namely no use coupling capacitors or coupling transformers. Block diagram of circuit in the IC AN7522, AN7523 and TDA2616 as in the image below : Schematic AN7522 AN7523 amplifier schematic Schematic TDA2616

An increasing voltage follower can be converted into a ideal half wave rectifier by adding two diodes as shown in circuit diagram. When Vin is positive Vo becomes negative and diode D1 gets Forward biased at the same moment diode D2 is reverse biased. When Vin becomes negative, Vo becomes positive and diode D2 gets forward biased corresponding to the applied sine wave Vin. Positive going ripples appear at output V2 and negative going ripples appear at output point V1. Read More.....

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to send data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as shift registers, sensors, and SD cards. It uses separate clock and data lines, along with a select line to choose the device you wish to talk to. Some sensors implement SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) protocol for data transfer. The SPI protocol basically defines a bus with four wires (four signals) and a common ground. There is one master device controlling the activity on the bus, and one slave device. The slave is active only when one of the signals, Slave Select (SS) enables it. This signal is always provided by the master. There can be more than one slave connected to the SPI bus, but each slave requires its own Slave Select signal, see Fig. 1. The data gets transferred serially bit ‐ by ‐ bit. There are basically two signals to carry information, one from master to slave (MOSI, Master Output Slave Input, driven by master), and one for the o...

RS232 is a asynchronous serial communication protocol widely used in computers and digital systems. It is called asynchronous because there is no separate synchronizing clock signal as there are in other serial protocols like SPI and I2C. The protocol is such that it automatically synchronize itself. We can use RS232 to easily create a data link between our MCU based projects and standard PC. In serial communication the whole data unit, say a byte is transmitted  one bit at a time . While in parallel transmission the  whole data unit , say a byte (8bits) are transmitted at once. Obviously serial transmission requires a single wire while parallel transfer requires as many wires as there are in our data unit. So parallel transfer is used to transfer data within short range (e.g. inside the computer between graphic card and CPU) while serial transfer is preferable in long range. As in serial transmission only one wire is used for data transfer. Its logic level changes according t...

Today we’re going to have a very quick look at pickup setup for a Fender Stratocaster-style guitar. Adjusting the pickups on a Strat couldn’t be much easier and the only thing that really requires much consideration is what height to set them at. You’ll need two tools for this: a Phillips screwdriver and a ruler (ideally one that measures right to the end). Before measuring any pickup heights, press down on the low E string at the highest fret.   With your finger still pressing down on the string, measure the distance from the bottom of the E string to the top of the pole piece (pickup magnet) directly under that string. Fender recommends the following distances from the thick E string to the pole pieces for all three pickups, depending on the type of pickup you have: Texas Specials: 8/64" (3.2 mm) Vintage style: 6/64" (2.4 mm) Noiseless™ Series: 8/64" (3.2 mm) Standard Single-Coil: 5/64" (2 mm) Humbuckers: 4/64" (1.6 mm) If you need to adjust any of the picku...

An unconventional, scalable high efficiency 12V solar power system and battery charge controller with low voltage cutout to protect the battery. (ideal for systems of 50W or less). The most common solar charger consists of a Schottky diode to prevent the battery from draining into the PV panel and a shunt regulator that effectively short circuits the panel once the battery is fully charged. One problem with this approach is diode losses and the resulting heat. If a 50W 12V panel supplies 4A to the battery, the Schottky diode will drop about 0,4V across it dissipating about 1,6W of heat. This requires a heat sink and loses power to heat. The problem is that there is no way of reducing the volt drop, paralleling diodes may share current, but the 0,4V will still be there. The circuit uses a MOSFET in stead of the usual diode and the primary power loss is resistive. [ ]

Errors and their Adjustments in 1Φ energy meter Energy meters should give correct readings over a period of several years under normal use conditions. Some of the common errors in energy meter and their remedial measures are discussed below. 1.        Phase Error: It is necessary that the energy meter should give correct reading on all power factors, which is only possible when the field setup by shunt magnet lags behind the applied voltage by 90 o . But the flux due to shunt magnet does not lag behind the applied voltage exactly by 90 o because of winding resistance and iron losses. Adjustment: The flux in the shunt magnet can be made to lag behind the supply voltage by exactly 90 o by adjusting the position of shading band (or shading ring or shading coil) placed round the lower part of the control limb of the shunt magnet. This adjustment is known as lag adjustment or power factor adjustment (or power factor compensator ). 2.     ...