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Function Generators The function generator is a versatile instrument that gives a number of different waveforms at the output with their frequencies that can be adjusted over a wide range. The most commonly used waveforms are sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and the sawtooth wave. Different output signals from the function generator may be available simultaneously. Pic 1 The fig shows the block diagram of a function generator. Here two constant current sources are used to feed the integrator circuit. When the circuit is switched ON, the upper constant current source sends a constant current into the integrator and the output of the integrator is connected to comparator. When the integrator output reaches a predetermined level, the comparator changes the state i.e. the upper constant current source is cut OFF while the lower source is switched ON. This current source passes a current in the reverse direction and the voltage at the integrator output decreases to a pre-determined l...

This is a simple function generator circuit that can produce the following waveforms: square wave, triangular wave, and sine wave.     The circuit's main components are two 1458 IC's.  The 1458 is a dual op-amp IC, i.e., an IC that houses two op amps inside it.  The circuit uses four op amps, two from each 1458.    The bottom-most op amp in Figure 1 is configured as an astable multivibrator, which continuously generates a square wave.  Assume that C1 has no charge initially. The voltage at the inverting input is zero, while the voltage at the non-inverting input is very slightly positive (a ratio of the op amp's output offset voltage as determined by R1 and R2). This minute voltage difference at the inputs is enough to cause the op amp's output to swing to 'high'.    When the output becomes high, C1 starts charging up. The voltage at the inverting input soon exceeds that at the non-inverting input, forcing the output to swing to 'low', w...

Friends you can see the various parts of a diesel generator, which is composed of two parts. The First part is the diesel generator, the second part is an alternator which is coupled with the diesel generator. When the engine rotates by the movement of piston inside the piston chamber or cylinder the to and fro motion is converted to rotational motion. The mechanical rotational power is then provided to the alternator. By the principle of electromagnetic induction an e.m.f. is induced in the armatute winging. Here the alternator is rotating field type as it is more efficient then rotating armature type. In the above figure the alternator is shown. You can also see that how diesel engine s connected to alternator.

Here is the simplest melody generator circuit you can make using an IC.The UM66 series are CMOS IC’s designed for using in calling bell, phone and toys. It has a built in ROM programmed for playing music. The device has very low power consumption.Thanks for the CMOS technology.The melody will be available at pin3 of UM66 and here it is amplified by using Q1 to drive the speaker.Resistor R1 limits the base current of Q1 within the safe values.Capacitor C1 is meant for noise suppression. Parts: R1 = 4.7K IC = UM66T Q1 = 2N2222 C1 = 10uF-16v S1 = On/Off Switch B1 = 1.5 - 4.5 Battery SP = 2R Speaker Notes: Power supply must be between 1.5V & 4.5V .Do not exceed 4.5 V. Speaker can be driven with external NPN transistor. Melody begins from the first note if power is reseted. Assemble the circuit on a good quality common board.

RF Generator 6 GHz Circuit Diagram. When we talk about high-frequency, everything seems to be difficult, a simple coil becomes a feat. Doing a search on the Internet found that generator "comb" (comb generator), which is a signal generator that produces multiple harmonics of your input signal. The appearance of the output on a spectrum analyzer resemble a comb, hence the name. Comb generators are simpler to build and seem to work well up to 1 GHz This generator I found surprised me because he was 6 GHz has a crystal oscillator 96 MHz (third overtone), capacitively coupled to a broadband amplifier using IC mar3 and capacitively coupled to a back-to-back diode set low capacitance PIN. According to the creator of this circuit was originally designed to produce a reference signal in the amateur radio band of 2.4 GHz, hence the 96.013 MHz crystal RF Generator 6 GHz Circuit Diagram

A rectangular-wave pulse generator with an extremely long period can be built using only two components: a National Semiconductor LM3710 supervisor IC and a 100-nF capacitor to eliminate noise spikes. This circuit utilises the watchdog and reset timers in the LM3710. The watchdog timer is reset when an edge appears on the WDI input (pin 4). If WDI is continuously held at ground level, there are not any edges and the watchdog times out. After an interval TB, it triggers a reset pulse with a duration TA and is reloaded with its initial value. The cycle then starts all over again. As a result, pulses with a period of TA + TB are present at the RESET output (pin 10). Circuit diagram: Long-Interval Pulse Generator Circuit Diagram As can be seen from the table, periods ranging up to around 30 seconds can be achieved in this manner. The two intervals TA and TB are determined by internal timers in the IC, which is available in various versions with four different ranges for each timer. To obta...

Here’s a project that could be useful this summer on the beach, to stop anyone touching your things left on your beach towel while you’ve gone swimming; you might equally well use it at the office or workshop when you go back to work. In a very small space, and powered by simple primary cells or rechargeable batteries, the proposed circuit generates a low-energy, high voltage of the order of around 200 to 400 V, harmless to humans, of course, but still able to give a quite nasty ‘poke’ to anyone who touches it. Quite apart from this practical aspect, this project will also prove instructional for younger hobbyists, enabling them to discover a circuit that all the ‘oldies’ who’ve worked in radio, and having enjoyed valve technology in particular, are bound to be familiar with. As the circuit diagram shows, the project is extremely simple, as it contains only a single active element, and then it’s only a fairly ordinary transistor. As shown here, it operates as a low-frequency oscillator...

Description  This two-transistor white noise generator has a surprising feature – about 30dB more noise than the more traditional designs. Q1 and Q2 can be any small-signal transistors with a beta of up to 400. The reverse-biased emitter-base junction of Q1 provides the noise source, which is fed into the base of Q2. Q2 forms a simple amplifier with a gain of 45dB. The improved output level is due mainly to the inclusion of C1, which provides a low-impedance AC source to the noise source while not disturbing the DC bias of Q1.  Circuit Diagram:   The low amount of feedback also makes this circuit very resistant to oscillations and tolerant to circuit layout. Unfortunately, the truism of "no such thing as free lunch" also applies; C1 makes the circuit very sensitive to power supply ripple. Source - http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/04/simple-white-noise-generator.html

Long-Interval Pulse Generator Circuit Diagram . A rectangular-wave pulse generator with an extremely long period can be built using only two components: a National Semiconductor LM3710 supervisor IC and a 100-nF capacitor to eliminate noise spikes. This circuit utilises the watchdog and reset timers in the LM3710. The watchdog timer is reset when an edge appears on the WDI input (pin 4). If WDI is continuously held at ground level, there are not any edges and the watchdog times out. After an interval TB, it triggers a reset pulse with a duration TA and is reloaded with its initial value. The cycle then starts all over again. As a result, pulses with a period of TA + TB are present at the RESET output (pin 10).   Long-Interval Pulse Generator Circuit Diagram As can be seen from the table, periods ranging up to around 30 seconds can be achieved in this manner. The two intervals TA and TB are determined by internal timers in the IC, which is available in various versions with four d...