over under voltage relay operation




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Low Cost Electronic Project of RF Synthesizer Uses Generic ICs

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Low-Cost Electronic Project of RF Synthesizer Uses Generic ICs . You can design a hardware-based frequency synthesizer with one inexepensive IC and a few passive components. Such synthesizer chips are not always available, however, because they are typically single-sourced and are not in stock with parts distributors. The need for a working circuit in a short time and using common parts prompted the creation of the circuit in this Design Idea. The synthesizer covers the US commercial AM (amplitude-modulation) broadcast band. It tunes in 10-kHz steps from 500 to 1800 kHz, but you can scale the frequencies for other applications. The PLL (phase-locked loop) time base is a 100-kHz, tuning-fork-cut crystal of the same size as those in wrist watches. Using a more common crystal requires some extra parts to scale the frequency. Note that if you attempt to use one of these tiny crystals with a CMOS gate oscillator circuit, however, the circuit will either fail to start or exhibit visible jit...
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