When I started learning about and designing SMPS circuits in 2008, I read from various books and online resources – application notes, reference manuals, design notes, design tips, circuit designs and various tutorials. I understood most of the concepts. But the mathematics was complex and there were so many formulae and calculations. They were not all present in any single book or document. Making all the necessary calculations using the different formulae available in all the different documents was difficult, tiring and cumbersome. While I was learning SMPS and started getting a hold of the basics, I was learning Visual Basic at school. During the mid-year school break, I learnt from various tutorials online and practiced during the school vacation to develop my Visual Basic skills. After I learnt most of the basics, I decided to put my skills to the test. It would be good practice and I could make a useful program in the process. I started coding using the information present in va...
Low-Cost Electronic Project of RF Synthesizer Uses Generic ICs . You can design a hardware-based frequency synthesizer with one inexepensive IC and a few passive components. Such synthesizer chips are not always available, however, because they are typically single-sourced and are not in stock with parts distributors. The need for a working circuit in a short time and using common parts prompted the creation of the circuit in this Design Idea. The synthesizer covers the US commercial AM (amplitude-modulation) broadcast band. It tunes in 10-kHz steps from 500 to 1800 kHz, but you can scale the frequencies for other applications. The PLL (phase-locked loop) time base is a 100-kHz, tuning-fork-cut crystal of the same size as those in wrist watches. Using a more common crystal requires some extra parts to scale the frequency. Note that if you attempt to use one of these tiny crystals with a CMOS gate oscillator circuit, however, the circuit will either fail to start or exhibit visible jit...
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